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I do believe Hydrogen will be the next fuel and so does the CSIRO

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    I was told I was off topic by posting this on a Hythane discussion thread, but perhaps no more off topic than the person who was accusing that of me? when he posted about electric vehicles, after all it was a discussion wasn't it?

    So here is a new thread about the direction that I believe Hydrogen is taking, again it is relying on another Aussie invention, I guess there will be a number of sources for the production of Hydrogen, but they could all end up at the same place one day I believe?

    Hydrogen vehicles are coming in the near future, the people at the CSIRO are no dills.
    The CSIRO have been busy on this, they also want Australia to become a large exporter of Hydrogen and they are also working on that, what the CSIRO said was that they were going to ship our sunshine to Asia in the form of Hydrogen, the CSIRO have already spoken to the Australian Pipeline (APA) who have already told the CSIRO that they can deliver the Hydrogen in their existing gas pipes to any where in Australia just about but especially along the east coast, it could be shipped from say the middle outback Australia where they can use CPV technology to make Hydrogen and also Electricity, they make Hydrogen when the demand for electricity is smaller, but provide electricity to the grid during peak loading, this makes it a far more cost efficient system, where all of the electricity provided by Concentrated Photo Voltaics (CPV) can be used, rather than just wasting it at non peak loading times.

    BTW there are major advances in CPV also coming IMHO and it came from another Aussie invention, the cells will be much cheaper and also have a high efficiency compared to today's cells, watch this space!

    https://thenewdaily.com.au/life/auto/2018/08/17/hydrogen-cars-csiro/

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    10:24pm, Aug 17, 2018 Updated: 11:54pm, Aug 17
    Hydrogen cars: Australian fuel breakthrough could replace petrol


    An SUV is refuelled qith hydrogen gas at the Frankfurt Auto Show. Photo: Getty
    Bruce Newton
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    An Australian breakthrough could finally pave the way for hydrogen to become a bonafide mainstream automotive fuel.
    But the message from the CSIRO, the federal government’s independent scientific research agency, is not to expect a flood of hydrogen-fuelled cars on-sale within the next few years.
    Hydrogen has long been touted as a rival to battery-electric vehicles which plug into the electricity grid to recharge.
    By contrast, hydrogen is delivered to the vehicle via a pump, just like petrol or diesel, and unlike BEVs (battery electric vehicles) takes only a few minutes to fully refuel.
    The hydrogen is then converted via an onboard fuel cell stack to electricity, which is then stored in a battery.
    Hydrogen allows vehicles to travel a similar distance to petrol without refuelling, and it will cost roughly the same amount once available in commercial quantities.
    But unlike fossil fuels that spew out all sorts of nasty toxins from the exhaust pipe, including carbon dioxide, a hydrogen EV only emits water.
    Hydrogen also has the advantage of being abundant in the atmosphere and can be generated by many different methods, including renewable sources such as solar and wind.
    But it’s difficult and expensive to transport in gaseous form and a refuelling infrastructure is virtually non-existent in Australia – unlike the electricity grid.

    Hydrogen fuel is delivered via a pump, much like petrol or diesel. Photo: Getty
    That’s where the CSIRO comes in. It has developed a metal membrane that extracts hydrogen from liquid ammonia, which is far easier and more efficient to transport in bulk.
    Feasibly, that means a liquid ammonia tank, membrane and hydrogen refuelling pump could eventually sit on the forecourt of an orthodox service station, just as LPG has done.
    CSIRO project leader Dr Michael Dolan estimated it could take five years before everyday motorists start becoming aware of hydrogen as a potential fuel.
    “Eventually I think the technology will be deployed here, but it’s just simple economics at this stage,” he said. “Hopefully it won’t be too long before we see the infrastructure start to roll out.”
    Dr Dolan says the liquid ammonia breakthrough will mean the take-up of hydrogen will accelerate, but the first applications are likely to be in the heavy vehicle industry.
    “If you are a courier or an Australia Post van then hydrogen makes more sense (than BEVs) because it keeps you on the road longer and gives you a longer range,” he said.
    Once you get into really heavy vehicles like trucks and buses that further swings toward hydrogen as the better energy storage medium.
    “You can recharge in a couple of minutes and be back on the road
    .”
    Hyundai and Toyota are the two passenger car brands in Australia pushing hydrogen fuel cell vehicles the hardest.
    Toyota has a few Mirai hydrogen fuel cell passenger cars on trial in Australia and Hyundai will launch the Nexo SUV in limited numbers before the end of 2018.
    Because of the high-tech and low scale of production prices are high in the $60,000-$100,000 bracket.
    For now, the CSIRO is pushing the new technology as a resources export dollar earner for Australia, in the same way Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is now and coal has been.
    Australia is particularly well-placed to make hydrogen for the world because all-up we probably have the world’s best energy resources,” Dr Dolan said.
    “Already Japan and South Korea have private and public fuel-cell fleets that are growing very rapidly. There is simply more customers there, so it makes sense to focus on that market to start with.”
    Long-term, Dr Dolan and the CSIRO advocate the creation of hydrogen from renewable resources such as wind and solar. But right now, refining it from fossil fuels is cheaper and easier.
    While that creates polluting CO2 it is worth the environmental cost, he argued.
    “We are already emitting CO2 from the vehicles, so we are not making things worse. The key is to get the supply chains in place.
    “The ideological view is you would never make hydrogen from fossil fuels because that is a waste of time. But if that is the approach you take then you don’t get to advance the other aspects of the value chain and the whole thing stalls.”

    This is where Hydrogen will come into it's own using CPV IMHO?

    https://www.arranged.be/en/energy-systems/green-ammonia/


    Producing Green Ammonia (zero CO2 emission)
    Assuming you would like to benefit of the excellent wind conditions in for example Patagonia, Namibia or New Zealand.
    With clusters of Dualtowers we can achieve this; the wind is harvested and directly converted to hydrogen gas using electrolyzers. The hydrogen gas is stored in the pressure vessels of the Dualtower.
    Hydrogen gas in a chemical reaction with Nitrogen gas will be converted into Ammonia (NH3). Ammonia synthesis is one of the oldest chemical reactions, also called as Haber–Bosch process. Ammonia is a base chemical produced nowadays at industrial scale, about 180 million tons per year.
    Ammonia in a liquid state is much easier to transport than hydrogen gas.
    Ammonia has a 50x higher density hydrogen density than pure hydrogen gas at 30 bar!
    To deal with the difficulties of hydrogen steel embrittlement, sealing issues and hydrogen gas permeation, the duplex CPV's are the ultimate solution.

    https://blog.csiro.au/insane-hydrogen-membrane-extracting-fuel-future/

    CSIROscope



    Insane hydrogen membrane – extracting the fuel of the future

    By Claire Ginn
    3 May 2017
    3 minute read

    Dr Michael Dolan in our hydrogen lab.
    It’s colourless, odourless, the most abundant element in the universe, and may one day take you from 0-100 on the highway. It seems as though hydrogen is a pretty logical choice for clean fuel of the future. The kicker is that there’s very little pure hydrogen to be found anywhere on Earth, meaning we need to somehow produce it.
    There are a couple of different ways to produce pure hydrogen – it can be extracted from natural gas, though carbon dioxide is a by-product. There’s also a renewable option through the electrolysis of water, which produces hydrogen and oxygen. Forcing this reaction requires a fair amount of energy which could potentially come from a clean source, like solar.
    Then there’s the matter of transporting that pure hydrogen to the places it’s needed, and if we’re planning a hydrogen-powered vehicle revolution, that means every service station! Because of its low density, hydrogen can be difficult to transport and must be pressurised, and then carried by pipeline, tanker or some other secure method. While hydrogen is already being used around the world, the existing transport infrastructure is not enough to support widespread consumer use. As a standalone hydrogen delivery system, this isn’t shaping up to be cost or energy efficient.
    But rest assured there are other options … ammonia for example. Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen that is already transported far and wide for use in industry (as fertiliser, cleaner, etc). What if we could piggyback this existing infrastructure and transport the hydrogen within the ammonia, and then extract the hydrogen from the ammonia at, or near, the point we need it?
    We have spent many years researching the best ways to separate pure hydrogen from mixed gas streams, but in this case we’re separating high-purity hydrogen from ammonia. For this very purpose, we’ve developed a thin metal membrane that allows hydrogen to pass, while blocking all other gases.

    Decomposed ammonia passes through our membrane, becoming pure hydrogen.
    Our membrane means that hydrogen can be transported in the form of ammonia (which is already being traded globally), and then reconverted back to hydrogen at the point of use.
    While Australia is a relatively small hydrogen market, the fuel can be distributed to emerging markets in Japan, South Korea and Europe using existing infrastructure. Thinking big, we could transport Australian-made ammonia around the world so that international fuel cell vehicles could run on our hydrogen. And if we’re creating the hydrogen renewably with solar power, we are essentially exporting Australian sunshine! How’s that for home-grown ingenuity?
    Our Chief Executive Dr Larry Marshall is excited by the prospect of a growing global market for clean hydrogen, and the potential for a national renewable hydrogen export industry.
    “This is a watershed moment for energy, and we look forward to applying CSIRO innovation to enable this exciting renewably-sourced fuel and energy storage medium a smoother path to market,” said Dr Marshall.
    Our membrane has been welcomed by industry and is supported by BOC Gas, Hyundai, Toyota and Renewable Hydrogen Pty Ltd. The project also recently received $1.7 million from the Science and Industry Endowment Fund (SIEF), which will be matched by us.
    In addition to our new membrane, we’re looking forward to applying our expertise to all stages of the hydrogen technology chain (including solar photovoltaics, solar thermal, grid management, water electrolysis, ammonia synthesis, direct ammonia utilisation via combustion and/or fuel cells, as well as hydrogen production).
    We’re researching all sorts of exciting energy technologies to make sure we can keep the lights on and lower emissions.

    https://www.sciencemag.org/news/201...ir-and-water-could-power-globe-without-carbon

    Ammonia—a renewable fuel made from sun, air, and water—could power the globe without carbon

    By Robert F. ServiceJul. 12, 2018 , 2:00 PM
    SYDNEY, BRISBANE, AND MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA—The ancient, arid landscapes of Australia are fertile ground for new growth, says Douglas MacFarlane, a chemist at Monash University in suburban Melbourne: vast forests of windmills and solar panels. More sunlight per square meter strikes the country than just about any other, and powerful winds buffet its south and west coasts. All told, Australia boasts a renewable energy potential of 25,000 gigawatts, one of the highest in the world and about four times the planet's installed electricity production capacity. Yet with a small population and few ways to store or export the energy, its renewable bounty is largely untapped.
    That's where MacFarlane comes in. For the past 4 years, he has been working on a fuel cell that can convert renewable electricity into a carbon-free fuel: ammonia. Fuel cells typically use the energy stored in chemical bonds to make electricity; MacFarlane's operates in reverse. In his third-floor laboratory, he shows off one of the devices, about the size of a hockey puck and clad in stainless steel. Two plastic tubes on its backside feed it nitrogen gas and water, and a power cord supplies electricity. Through a third tube on its front, it silently exhales gaseous ammonia, all without the heat, pressure, and carbon emissions normally needed to make the chemical. "This is breathing nitrogen in and breathing ammonia out," MacFarlane says, beaming like a proud father.
    Companies around the world already produce $60 billion worth of ammonia every year, primarily as fertilizer, and MacFarlane's gizmo may allow them to make it more efficiently and cleanly. But he has ambitions to do much more than help farmers. By converting renewable electricity into an energy-rich gas that can easily be cooled and squeezed into a liquid fuel, MacFarlane's fuel cell effectively bottles sunshine and wind, turning them into a commodity that can be shipped anywhere in the world and converted back into electricity or hydrogen gas to power fuel cell vehicles. The gas bubbling out of the fuel cell is colorless, but environmentally, MacFarlane says, ammonia is as green as can be. "Liquid ammonia is liquid energy," he says. "It's the sustainable technology we need."
 
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