This paper talks about significant improvement due to exercise at the 12 month reading but not the 6-month reading. Looking at slide 22 from the Masters presentation, most of the improvement in the placebo group happened 6 months after the initial baseline read. It's possible that the particpants changed their exercise routine 6 months before the baseline reading I guess. The placebo SUVR outliers improved approximately 11% average over the course of the IMAGINE trial. If there is a direct relationship between SUVR and hippocampus improvement over a twelve month period its possible that the rate of change observed in the IMAGINE study was still higher than that observed by in the hippocampus volume reductions. But the following was done a few years ago by Prana scientists where they saw changes above the range of IMAGINE.
Voluntary Exercise Decreases Amyloid Load in a Transgenic Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Voluntary Exercise Decreases Amyloid Load in a Transgenic Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Paul A. Adlard, Victoria M. Perreau*, Viorela Pop*, and Carl W. Cotman
The Journal of Neuroscience, 27 April 2005, 25(17): 4217-4221; doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0496-05.2005
Five months of voluntary exercise resulted in a decrease in extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the frontal cortex (38%; p = 0.018), the cortex at the level of the hippocampus (53%; p = 0.0003), and the hippocampus (40%; p = 0.06). This was associated with decreased cortical Aβ1-40 (35%; p = 0.005) and Aβ1-42 (22%; p = 0.04) (ELISA). The mechanism appears to be mediated by a change in the processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) after short-term exercise, because 1 month of activity decreased the proteolytic fragments of APP [for α-C-terminal fragment (α-CTF), 54% and p = 0.04; for β-CTF, 35% and p = 0.03].
Hippocampal atrophy changes in IMAGINE
Rates of change observed in hippocampal volume in IMAGINE were likely around 2% for the outlier if the readings shown on Masters slide 28 are for total hippocampal volume. These are in line with readings seen by Niemann et al. However, the SUVR changes for the outliers are around 11% which is pretty high.
Total Hippo Volume Changes
"Analyses separated by exercise groups revealed that in the cardiovascular group hippocampal volume significantly increased by 3.60% [F(2,45) = 4.76, p = 0.01, η2 = 0.17] across the 12-month exercise intervention (cf. also Table 6). Post hoc pairwise comparisons revealed only a significant overall increase, but no significant changes in hippocampal volume from t1 to t2 or from t2 to t3 (cf. Figure 4A and Table 6). Further, there was a significant increase of hippocampal volume (2.84%) after the coordination training [F(2,45) = 4.73, p = 0.01, η2 = 0.17; with significant improvements from t2 to t3 < 0.05), but not from t1 to t2; cf. Figure 4A and Table 6]. Volume increase across the 12 months in the control group (1.67%) was not significant [F(2,45) = 1.63, p = 0.21, η = 0.07; cf. Figure 4A and Table 6].
Changes separated by left v. right hippocampal hemishere - highest increase is 4.2%-
Analyses separated by exercise groups revealed that only the cardiovascular group significantly increased hippocampal volume of the left hemisphere by 4.22% [F(2,45) = 5.10, p = 0.01, η2 = 0.19] across the 12 months exercise intervention (only significant overall change, but no changes from t1 to t2 or from t2 to t3; cf. Figure 4B). Analyses for the coordination and control groups revealed only non-significant increases of 1.78% and 1.65%, respectively. Interestingly, the coordination group significantly increased hippocampal volume of the right hemisphere by 3.91% [F(2,45) = 6.03, p = 0.01, η2 = 0.21] across the 12-month exercise intervention [with a significant change from t2 to t3 (p < 0.01), but not from t1 to t2, cf. Figure 4C]. Analyses for the cardiovascular and control groups revealed only non-significant increases of 2.98% and 1.68% volume of the right hippocampus, respectively.
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